ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Performing Urology Procedure in Positive Urine Culture as a Research: Is that Ethical
The prospective cohort study investigated the association between postoperative infectious complications in patients undergoing urologic procedures based on asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB). The advantages of this study are not only the method of blinding by using alternative infectious diseases physicians but also the idea was unique. When we read this article, we thought about more important risk factors than ASB. Although This study was approved by the Universidad CES Research Ethics Committee, we should consider its ethical problems.
http://www.transresurology.com/article_108109_ce04787f79f002180c4070fab842d173.pdf
2019-11-05
51
53
10.22034/au.2020.229504.1020
urology procedure
urology
urine culture
Alimohammad
Fakhr Yasseri
yasseri_2006@yahoo.com
1
Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad
Aslzare
mohamamadasle@gmail.com
2
Department of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Ramos-Castaneda JA, Ruano-Ravina A, Munoz-Price LS, Toro-Bermúdez R, Ruiz-Londoño D, Segura-Cardona AM, et al. Risk of infection in patients undergoing urologic surgery based on the presence of asymptomatic bacteriuria: A prospective study. American journal of infection control. 2019;47(12):1474-8.
1
2. Bonkat G, Pickard R, Bartoletti R, Bruyère F, Geerlings S, Wagenlehner F, et al. EAU guidelines on urological infections. European Association of Urology. 2017:22-6.
2
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Unusual Emphysematous Chest Wall with Progressive Loculated Empyema and Abscess Formation Post Emphysematous Pyelonephritis: A Case Report
IntroductionAbdominal emphysematous pyelonephritis and its association with lung involvement in diabetic patients can be life-treating and should be cured as soon as possible.Case presentationOur case is a 39-year-old female patient with diabetes mellitus with a history of left kidney stones. She underwent extracorporeal shock wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) and was referred to the emergency room a week later because of glucose 389 mg/dL, fever, and renal abscess. The infection then developed as emphysema around the kidneys and lungs, and subsequent studies of urine sample tests confirmed the infection with E-Coil. Following this parenchymal infection, the left kidney was destroyed and developed above the abscess diaphragm, and the left lung collapsed, causing progressive emphysematous (PELE). The patient underwent the necessary diagnostic and therapeutic measures, including glycemic control and surgery thoracoabdominal incision with left nephrectomy, abscess drainage, and decortications. Eventually, the patient was discharged in good general condition.ConclusionsIn our case, auto-nephrectomy caused by pyelonephritis occurred in the context of diabetes and with a history of renal stone, so it seems that diabetic patients should also consider auto-nephrectomy in severe chronic and acute pyelonephritis infection.
http://www.transresurology.com/article_108113_7ab0244aa32d7723605c573436a68e98.pdf
2019-11-08
54
57
10.22034/au.2020.232219.1023
Progressive Emphysematous Loculated Empyema
Emphysematous pyelonephritis
extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
Saeid
Marzban Rad
saiedmarzbanrad@gmail.com
1
Department of Medicine, Aja University of Tehran Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Reza
Alizadeh
rezaalizadeh@gmail.com
2
Department of Medicine, Aja University of Tehran Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Zahra
Marzban Rad
a13kh56@yahoo.com
3
Department of Medicine, Aja University of Tehran Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Parastesh
Sattari
parasteshst@gmail.com
4
Department of Medicine, Aja University of Tehran Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Ameneh-Sadat
kazemi
sadat.kazemi@yahoo.com
5
Department of Medicine, Islamic Azad University of Tehran Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Ziba
Aghsaeefard
zibaaghsaeefard@gmail.com
6
Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Rewers M, Ludvigsson J. Environmental risk factors for type 1 diabetes. The Lancet. 2016;387(10035):2340-8.
1
2. Nitzan O, Elias M, Chazan B, Saliba W. Urinary tract infections in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: review of prevalence, diagnosis, and management. Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity: targets and therapy. 2015;8:129.
2
3. Calvet HM, Yoshikawa TT. Infections in diabetes. Infectious disease clinics of North America. 2001;15(2):407-21.
3
4. Daher EDF, da Silva Junior GB, Barros EJG. Renal tuberculosis in the modern era. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene. 2013;88(1):54-64.
4
5. Akand M, Kilic O, Kucur M, Kaynar M, Goktas S. Spontaneous nephrocutaneous fistula with tuberculous autonephrectomy: a case report of a delayed diagnosis. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal. 2016;18(6).
5
6. Donat R, Crew J, Brame K. Traumatic autonephrectomy due to explosion: a case report and literature review. International urology and nephrology. 1996;28(6):743-6.
6
7. Merchant S, Bharati A, Merchant N. Tuberculosis of the genitourinary system-Urinary tract tuberculosis: Renal tuberculosis-Part I. The Indian journal of radiology & imaging. 2013;23(1):46.
7
8. Tait CD, Somani B. Renal trauma: case reports and overview. Case reports in urology. 2012;2012.
8
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Alpha Blockers and the Ureteral Access Sheaths Placements
The new technique of laser applications with flexible ureteroscopy and retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) applications has improved significantly over the last few years. Nowadays, it is possible to effectively accomplish RIRS operations on upper urinary system stones by using devices that yield high-quality images due to developments in digital technology and increased deflection ability. Several modifications and suggestions are considered for its improvement. One of them is using α-blockers to boost the spontaneous passage of ureteral stones led and relaxation and to decrease intramural ureteral resistance in ureteral smooth muscles.
http://www.transresurology.com/article_108114_ecfcfa1dc1a7405db5f04cd2b19ac800.pdf
2019-11-13
58
60
10.22034/au.2020.229122.1019
Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery
Alpha Blockers
ureteral access sheaths
Behzad
Narouie
b_narouie@yahoo.com
1
Department of Urology, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
AUTHOR
Fatemeh
Khatami
fatemehkhatami1978@gmail.com
2
Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Yuruk E, Binbay M, Ozgor F, Erbin A, Berberoglu Y, Muslumanoglu AY. Flexible ureterorenoscopy is safe and efficient for the treatment of kidney stones in patients with chronic kidney disease. Urology. 2014;84(6):1279-84.
1
2.Shin RH, Lipkin ME, Preminger GM. Disposable devices for RIRS: where do we stand in 2013? What do we need in the future? World journal of urology. 2015;33(2):241-6.
2
3.Debruyne FM. Alpha blockers: are all created equal? Urology. 2000;56(5):20-2.
3
4.Zhang DY, Anderson AS. The sympathetic nervous system and heart failure. Cardiology clinics. 2014;32(1):33-45.
4
5.Türk C, Petřík A, Sarica K, Seitz C, Skolarikos A, Straub M, et al. EAU guidelines on interventional treatment for urolithiasis. European urology. 2016;69(3):475-82.
5
6.Erturhan S, Bayrak Ö, Şen H, Yılmaz AE, Seçkiner İ. Can alpha blockers facilitate the placement of ureteral access sheaths in retrograde intrarenal surgery? Turkish journal of urology. 2019;45(2):108.
6
7.Pickard R, Starr K, MacLennan G, Kilonzo M, Lam T, Thomas R, et al. Use of drug therapy in the management of symptomatic ureteric stones in hospitalised adults: a multicentre, placebo-controlled, randomised controlled trial and cost-effectiveness analysis of a calcium channel blocker (nifedipine) and an alpha-blocker (tamsulosin) (the SUSPEND trial). Health Technol Assess. 2015;19(63):vii-171.
7
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Association of Microbiota and Overactive Bladder: A Mini Literature Review
Overactive bladder (OAB) is a common urinary disorder that affects both sexes. This disorder has a very strong and direct effect on the quality of the personal and social life of patients. Some recent studies have shown that urine and the urinary tract are not sterile and contain special microbiota (communities of special microorganisms found in and on an individual). Thus, this review aimed to answer the question of whether microbiota can lead to an overactive bladder.
http://www.transresurology.com/article_109339_0f96976410b1aa9f1a6267a44234f983.pdf
2019-11-14
61
66
10.22034/tru.2020.231244.1022
Overactive bladder
Microbiota
Urinary tract
16S rRNA
Metagenomic sequencing
Rahil
Mashhadi
rh_mashhadi@yahoo.com
1
Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Diana
Taheri
diana1380@yahoo.com
2
Department of Pathology, Isfahan Kidney Diseases Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
AUTHOR
Seyed Habibollah
Mousavibahar
shmousavibahar@gmail.com
3
Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Science, Hamadan, Iran
AUTHOR
Maryam
Aghaii
ma.aghaii@yahoo.com
4
Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Alireza Namazi
Shabestari
namazialireza109@yahoo.com
5
Department of Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Mehdi
Ebrahimi
m_ebrahimi49@yahoo.com
6
Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad Hatef
Khorrami
khorami@med.mui.ac.ir
7
Medicine Department, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Pflughoeft KJ, Versalovic J. Human microbiome in health and disease. Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease. 2012;7:99-122.
1
2. Cénit M, Matzaraki V, Tigchelaar E, Zhernakova A. Rapidly expanding knowledge on the role of the gut microbiome in health and disease. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Basis of Disease. 2014;1842(10):1981-92.
2
3. Falony G, Vandeputte D, Caenepeel C, Vieira-Silva S, Daryoush T, Vermeire S, et al. The human microbiome in health and disease: hype or hope. Acta Clinica Belgica. 2019;74(2):53-64.
3
4. Mueller ER, Wolfe AJ, Brubaker L. Female urinary microbiota. Current opinion in urology. 2017;27(3):282-6.
4
5. Huttenhower C, Gevers D, Knight R, Abubucker S, Badger JH, Chinwalla AT, et al. Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Nature. 2012;486(7402):207-14.
5
6. Alfano M, Canducci F, Nebuloni M, Clementi M, Montorsi F, Salonia A. The interplay of extracellular matrix and microbiome in urothelial bladder cancer. Nature Reviews Urology. 2016;13(2):77-90.
6
7. DiGiulio D. Diversity of microbes in amniotic fluid. Seminars in fetal & neonatal medicine. 2012;17:2-11.
7
8. Thomas-White K, Brady M, Wolfe AJ, Mueller ER. The bladder is not sterile: History and current discoveries on the urinary microbiome. Curr Bladder Dysfunct Rep. 2016;11(1):18-24.
8
9. Wolfe AJ, Toh E, Shibata N, Rong R, Kenton K, FitzGerald M, et al. Evidence of Uncultivated Bacteria in the Adult Female Bladder. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2012;50(4):1376-83.
9
10. Lewis D, Brown R, Williams J, White P, Jacobson S, Marchesi J, et al. The human urinary microbiome; bacterial DNA in voided urine of asymptomatic adults. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. 2013;3(41).
10
11. Pearce MM, Hilt EE, Rosenfeld AB, Zilliox MJ, Thomas-White K, Fok C, et al. The Female Urinary Microbiome: a Comparison of Women with and without Urgency Urinary Incontinence. mBio. 2014;5(4):e01283-14.
11
12. Price T, Dune T, Hilt E, Thomas-White K, Kliethermes S, Brincat C, et al. The Clinical Urine Culture: Enhanced Techniques Improve Detection of Clinically Relevant Microorganisms. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2016;54:JCM.00044-16.
12
13. Kogan MI, Naboka YL, Ibishev KS, Gudima IA, Naber KG. Human urine is not sterile-shift of paradigm. Urologia internationalis. 2015;94(4):445-52.
13
14. Antunes-lopes T, Vale L, Coelho A, Martins-Silva C, Rieken M, Geavlete B, et al. The Role of Urinary Microbiota in Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction: A Systematic Review. European Urology Focus. 2018;6.
14
15. Thomas-White KJ, Hilt EE, Fok C, Pearce MM, Mueller ER, Kliethermes S, et al. Incontinence medication response relates to the female urinary microbiota. Int Urogynecol J. 2016;27(5):723-33.
15
16. Whiteside SA, Razvi H, Dave S, Reid G, Burton JP. The microbiome of the urinary tract—a role beyond infection. Nature Reviews Urology. 2015;12(2):81-90.
16
17. Schneeweiss J, Koch M, Umek W. The human urinary microbiome and how it relates to urogynecology. Int Urogynecol J. 2016;27(9):1307-12.
17
18. Bi H, Tian Y, Song C, Li J, Liu T, Chen Z, et al. Urinary microbiota – a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for bladder cancer. Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2019;68(10):1471-8.
18
19. Abrams P, Cardozo L, Fall M, Griffiths D, Rosier P, Ulmsten U, et al. The standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function: Report from the standardisation sub-committee of the International Continence Society. Neurourology and Urodynamics. 2002;21(2):167-78.
19
20. Haylen BT, de Ridder D, Freeman RM, Swift SE, Berghmans B, Lee J, et al. An international urogynecological association (IUGA)/international continence society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for female pelvic floor dysfunction. Neurourology and Urodynamics. 2010;29(1):4-20.
20
21. Tubaro A. Defining overactive bladder: epidemiology and burden of disease. Urology. 2004;64(6):2-6.
21
22. Reynolds WS, Fowke J, Dmochowski R. The Burden of Overactive Bladder on US Public Health. Curr Bladder Dysfunct Rep. 2016;11(1):8-13.
22
23. Stewart WF, Van Rooyen, J. B., Cundiff, G. W., Abrams, P., Herzog, A. R.,, Corey R, et al. Prevalence and burden of overactive bladder in the United States. World Journal of Urology. 2003;20:327–36.
23
24. Hilt EE, McKinley K, Pearce MM, Rosenfeld AB, Zilliox MJ, Mueller ER, et al. Urine is not sterile: use of enhanced urine culture techniques to detect resident bacterial flora in the adult female bladder. Journal of clinical microbiology. 2014;52(3):871-6.
24
25. Gormley EA, Lightner DJ, Faraday M, Vasavada SP. Diagnosis and Treatment of Overactive Bladder (Non-Neurogenic) in Adults: AUA/SUFU Guideline Amendment. The Journal of Urology. 2015;193(5):1572-80.
25
26. Siddiqui H, Lagesen K, Nederbragt AJ, Eri LM, Jeansson SL, Jakobsen KS. Pathogens in Urine from a Female Patient with Overactive Bladder Syndrome Detected by Culture-independent High Throughput Sequencing: A Case Report. Open Microbiol J. 2014;8:148-53.
26
27. Peng Wu YC, Jie Zhao, Guihao Zhang, Jiawei Chen, Junpeng Wang and, Zhang H. Urinary Microbiome and Psychological Factors in Women with Overactive Bladder. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. 2017;7.
27
28. Gill K, Kang R, Sathiananthamoorthy S, Khasriya R, Malone-Lee J. A blinded observational cohort study of the microbiological ecology associated with pyuria and overactive bladder symptoms. Int Urogynecol J. 2018;29(10):1493-500.
28
29. Perovic SU, Ksiezarek M, Rocha J, Vale L, Silva C, Dinis P, et al. Time to change microbiological approach to overactive bladder. European Urology Supplements. 2019;18(1):e103.
29
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Effect of Herbal Extracts on the Treatment and Prevention of Prostate Cancer: A Literature Review
Today, prostate cancer is the second leading cause of death in men. Disorders of this gland have side effects on fertility and cause urinary problems. As people age, the prostate gland can have some problems, including benign hyperplasia and prostate cancer, which are caused by abnormal growth of the gland. Various natural supplements that affect the growth and proliferation of prostate cells have been found using epidemiological, laboratory, and clinical studies. With the help of findings from herbal medicine, the problems caused by prostate disorders can be controlled and treated largely. In this review article, the mechanism of action of some of these natural substances is considered including garden thyme, spirulina algae, Ruta graveolens L, wheat germ, nettle root extract Urtica dioica, lycopene, saw palmetto, garlic, curcumin, pumpkin seeds, green tea, and soy. The main functional mechanism of most of these plant extracts may be the inhibition of the enzyme 5 alpha-reductase. This enzyme converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, which causes dihydrotestosterone to cause carcinogens in the prostate. The purpose of writing this article is to introduce and use some medicinal plants that help treat prostate cancer.
http://www.transresurology.com/article_111002_fc73c182d5621525db053266a7ccb580.pdf
2019-11-20
67
73
10.22034/tru.2020.231129.1021
herbal extracts
Prostate cancer treatment
Prostate Cancer
Akram
Mirzaei
mirzaee.scholar@gmail.com
1
Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Fatemeh
Khatami
fatemehkhatami1978@gmail.com
2
Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Mehdi
Ebrahimi
m_ebrahimi49@yahoo.com
3
Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran Iran
AUTHOR
Seyed Habibollah
Mousavibahar
shmousavibahar@gmail.com
4
Urology and Nephrology Resaerch Center, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran
AUTHOR
Behzad
Narouie
b_narouie@yahoo.com
5
Department of Urology, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Jemal A, Murray T, Ward E, Samuels A, Tiwari RC, Ghafoor A, et al. Cancer statistics, 2005. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians. 2005;55(1):10-30.
1
2. Patel AR, Jones JS. Optimal biopsy strategies for the diagnosis and staging of prostate cancer. Current opinion in urology. 2009;19(3):232-7.
2
3. Pollack A, Zagars GK, Smith LG, Lee JJ, Von Eschenbach AC, Antolak JA, et al. Preliminary results of a randomized radiotherapy dose-escalation study comparing 70 Gy with 78 Gy for prostate cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2000;18(23):3904-11.
3
4. K Watson E, O’Brien R, Campbell C, Weller D, D Neal R, Wilkinson C, et al. Views of health professionals on the role of primary care in the follow-up of men with prostate cancer. Family practice. 2011;28(6):647-54.
4
5. Mastelic J, Jerkovic I, Blažević I, Poljak-Blaži M, Borović S, Ivančić-Baće I, et al. Comparative study on the antioxidant and biological activities of carvacrol, thymol, and eugenol derivatives. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2008;56(11):3989-96.
5
6. Hotta M, Nakata R, Katsukawa M, Hori K, Takahashi S, Inoue H. Carvacrol, a component of thyme oil, activates PPARα and γ and suppresses COX-2 expression. Journal of lipid research. 2010;51(1):132-9.
6
7. Vigo E, Cepeda A, Perez‐Fernandez R, Gualillo O. In‐vitro anti‐inflammatory effect of Eucalyptus globulus and Thymus vulgaris: nitric oxide inhibition in J774A. 1 murine macrophages. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2004;56(2):257-63.
7
8. Keefover‐Ring K, Thompson JD, Linhart YB. Beyond six scents: defining a seventh Thymus vulgaris chemotype new to southern France by ethanol extraction. Flavour and fragrance journal. 2009;24(3):117-22.
8
9. Dubois RN, Abramson SB, Crofford L, Gupta RA, Simon LS, A. Van De Putte LB, et al. Cyclooxygenase in biology and disease. The FASEB journal. 1998;12(12):1063-73.
9
10. Kim H-J, Chung J-I, Lee SH, Jung Y-S, Moon C-H, Baik EJ. Involvement of endogenous prostaglandin F2α on kainic acid-induced seizure activity through FP receptor: The mechanism of proconvulsant effects of COX-2 inhibitors. Brain research. 2008;1193:153-61.
10
11. Dannenberg AJ, Altorki NK, Boyle JO, Dang C, Howe LR, Weksler BB, et al. Cyclo-oxygenase 2: a pharmacological target for the prevention of cancer. The lancet oncology. 2001;2(9):544-51.
11
12. Higashi Y, Kanekura T, Kanzaki T. Enhanced expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2 in human skin epidermal cancer cells: Evidence for growth suppression by inhibiting COX‐2 expression. International journal of cancer. 2000;86(5):667-71.
12
13. Singh-Ranger G, Salhab M, Mokbel K. The role of cyclooxygenase-2 in breast cancer. Breast cancer research and treatment. 2008;109(2):189-98.
13
14. Kaefer CM, Milner JA. The role of herbs and spices in cancer prevention. The Journal of nutritional biochemistry. 2008;19(6):347-61.
14
15. Zheng W, Gao X, Chen C, Tan R. Total flavonoids of Daphne genkwa root significantly inhibit the growth and metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma in C57BL6 mice. International immunopharmacology. 2007;7(2):117-27.
15
16. Finamore A, Palmery M, Bensehaila S, Peluso I. Antioxidant, immunomodulating, and microbial-modulating activities of the sustainable and ecofriendly spirulina. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity. 2017;2017.
16
17. Li X-L, Wong Y-S, Xu G, Chan JC. Selenium-enriched Spirulina protects INS-1E pancreatic beta cells from human islet amyloid polypeptide-induced apoptosis through suppression of ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and PI3/AKT pathway. European journal of nutrition. 2015;54(4):509-22.
17
18. Miranda M, Cintra R, Barros SBdM, Mancini-Filho J. Antioxidant activity of the microalga Spirulina maxima. Brazilian Journal of Medical and biological research. 1998;31(8):1075-9.
18
19. Khan M, Shobha JC, Mohan IK, Naidu MUR, Sundaram C, Singh S, et al. Protective effect of Spirulina against doxorubicin‐induced cardiotoxicity. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives. 2005;19(12):1030-7.
19
20. Zamani L, Zaker Bostanabad S, Salehipour M. Evaluation spirulina extract effect on DU145cell line and oct4 gene expression pattern in treated cell. New Cellularand Molecular Biotechnology Journal. 2018;8(32):53-64.
20
21. Gentile MT, Ciniglia C, Reccia MG, Volpicelli F, Gatti M, Thellung S, et al. Ruta graveolens L. induces death of glioblastoma cells and neural progenitors, but not of neurons, via ERK 1/2 and AKT activation. PLoS One. 2015;10(3):e0118864.
21
22. Al-Snafi AE. A review on Cyperus rotundus A potential medicinal plant. IOSR Journal Of Pharmacy. 2016;6(7):32-48.
22
23. ZHU KX, ZHOU HM, QIAN HF. Comparative study of chemical composition and physicochemical properties of defatted wheat germ flour and its protein isolate. Journal of food biochemistry. 2006;30(3):329-41.
23
24. Adibmoradi M, Morovvati H, Moradi HR, Sheybani M-T, Amoli JS, Mazaheri Nezhad Fard R. Protective effects of wheat sprout on testicular toxicity in male rats exposed to lead. Reprod Syst Sex Disord. 2015;4(4):1-9.
24
25. Imir NG, Aydemir E, Şimşek E. Mechanism of the anti-angiogenic effect of avemar on tumor cells. Oncology letters. 2018;15(2):2673-8.
25
26. Nahata A, Dixit V. Ameliorative effects of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) on testosterone‐induced prostatic hyperplasia in rats. Andrologia. 2012;44:396-409.
26
27. Pavone C, Abbadessa D, Tarantino M, Oxenius I, Lagana A, Lupo A, et al. Associating Serenoa repens, Urtica dioica and Pinus pinaster. Safety and efficacy in the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms. Prospective study on 320 patients. Urologia Journal. 2010;77(1):43-51.
27
28. Ghorbanibirgani A, Khalili A, Zamani L. The efficacy of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia: a randomized double-blind study in 100 patients. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal. 2013;15(1):9.
28
29. Engelmann U, Walther C, Bondarenko B, Funk P, Schläfke S. Efficacy and safety of a combination of sabal and urtica extract in lower urinary tract symptoms. Arzneimittelforschung. 2006;56(03):222-9.
29
30. Safarinejad MR. Urtica dioica for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Journal of herbal pharmacotherapy. 2005;5(4):1-11.
30
31. Namazi N, Esfanjani A, Heshmati J, Bahrami A. The effect of hydro alcoholic Nettle (Urtica dioica) extracts on insulin sensitivity and some inflammatory indicators in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized double-blind control trial. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 2011;14(15):775.
31
32. Durak I, Biri H, Devrim E, Sözen S, Avcı A. Aqueous extract of Urtica dioica makes significant inhibition on adenosine deaminase activity in prostate tissue from patients with prostate cancer. Cancer biology & therapy. 2004;3(9):855-7.
32
33. Koch E. Extracts from fruits of saw palmetto (Sabal serrulata) and roots of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica): viable alternatives in the medical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia and associated lower urinary tracts symptoms. Planta medica. 2001;67(06):489-500.
33
34. Chrubasik JE, Roufogalis BD, Wagner H, Chrubasik S. A comprehensive review on the stinging nettle effect and efficacy profiles. Part II: urticae radix. Phytomedicine. 2007;14(7-8):568-79.
34
35. Hirano T, Homma M, Oka K. Effects of Stinging Nettle Root Extracts and Their Steroidal Components on the Na+, K+-ATPase of the Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia1. Planta medica. 1994;60(01):30-3.
35
36. Gülçin I, Küfrevioǧlu Öİ, Oktay M, Büyükokuroǧlu ME. Antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiulcer and analgesic activities of nettle (Urtica dioica L.). Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2004;90(2-3):205-15.
36
37. Pagano E, Laudato M, Griffo M, Capasso R. Phytotherapy of benign prostatic hyperplasia. A minireview. Phytotherapy research. 2014;28(7):949-55.
37
38. Konrad L, Müller H-H, Lenz C, Laubinger H, Aumüller G, Lichius JJ. Antiproliferative effect on human prostate cancer cells by a stinging nettle root (Urtica dioica) extract. Planta medica. 2000;66(01):44-7.
38
39. Di Sebastiano KM, Mourtzakis M. The role of dietary fat throughout the prostate cancer trajectory. Nutrients. 2014;6(12):6095-109.
39
40. Jiang L-N, Liu Y-B, Li B-H. Lycopene exerts anti-inflammatory effect to inhibit prostate cancer progression. Asian journal of andrology. 2019;21(1):80.
40
41. Bunker CH, McDonald AC, Evans RW, De La Rosa N, Boumosleh JM, Patrick AL. A randomized trial of lycopene supplementation in Tobago men with high prostate cancer risk. Nutrition and cancer. 2007;57(2):130-7.
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55. Tomeh MA, Hadianamrei R, Zhao X. A review of curcumin and its derivatives as anticancer agents. International journal of molecular sciences. 2019;20(5):1033.
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56. Teiten M-H, Gaascht F, Eifes S, Dicato M, Diederich M. Chemopreventive potential of curcumin in prostate cancer. Genes & nutrition. 2010;5(1):61-74.
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58. Tiwari R, Geliebter J, Garikapaty V, Yedavelli S, Chen S, Mittelman A. Anti-tumor effects of PC-SPES, an herbal formulation in prostate cancer. International journal of oncology. 1999;14(4):713-22.
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59. Pfeifer B, Pirani J, Hamann S, Klippel K. PC‐SPES, a dietary supplement for the treatment of hormone‐refractory prostate cancer. BJU international. 2000;85(4):481-5.
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60. Yu C-L, Tsai M-H. Fetal fetuin selectively induces apoptosis in cancer cell lines and shows anti-cancer activity in tumor animal models. Cancer letters. 2001;166(2):173-84.
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61. Hong H, Kim C-S, Maeng S. Effects of pumpkin seed oil and saw palmetto oil in Korean men with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. Nutrition Research and Practice. 2009;3(4):323-7.
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62. Vahlensieck W, Theurer C, Pfitzer E, Patz B, Banik N, Engelmann U. Effects of pumpkin seed in men with lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia in the one-year, randomized, placebo-controlled GRANU study. Urologia internationalis. 2015;94(3):286-95.
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63. Mendiola J, Torres-Cantero AM, Vioque J, Moreno-Grau JM, Ten J, Roca M, et al. A low intake of antioxidant nutrients is associated with poor semen quality in patients attending fertility clinics. Fertility and sterility. 2010;93(4):1128-33.
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64. Njoku R-CC, Abarikwu SO, Uwakwe AA, Mgbudom-Okah CJ, Ezirim CY. Dietary fluted pumpkin seeds induce reversible oligospermia and androgen insufficiency in adult rats. Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine. 2019;65(6):437-50.
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65. Park J-S, Yeom M-H, Park W-S, Joo K-M, Rho H-S, Kim DH, et al. Enzymatic hydrolysis of green tea seed extract and its activity on 5α-reductase inhibition. Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry. 2006;70(2):387-94.
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66. Yasumoto R, Kawanishi H, Tsujino T, Tsujita M, Nishisaka N, Horii A, et al. Clinical evaluation of long-term treatment using cernitin pollen extract in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Clinical therapeutics. 1995;17(1):82-7.
66
67. Buck A, Cox R, Rees R, Ebeling L, John A. Treatment of Outflow Tract Obstruction due to Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia with the Pollen Extract Cernilton: A Double‐blind, Placebo‐controlled Study. British journal of urology. 1990;66(4):398-404.
67
68. Belaiche P, Lievoux O. Clinical studies on the palliative treatment of prostatic adenoma with extract of Urtica root. Phytotherapy research. 1991;5(6):267-9.
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69. Gangwal A, Parmar S, Mardia R, Sheth N. Immunomodulatory activity of saponin mixture isolated from Lagenaria siceraria fruits. Nig J Nat Prod Med. 2008;12:43-6.
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70. Rodriguez J, Castro R, Riguera R. Holothurinosides: New antitumour non sulphated triterpenoid glycosides from the sea cucumber holothuria forskalii. Tetrahedron. 1991;47(26):4753-62.
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71. Jun H-S, Kim S-E, Sung M-K. Protective effect of soybean saponins and major antioxidants against aflatoxin B1-induced mutagenicity and DNA-adduct formation. Journal of medicinal food. 2002;5(4):235-40.
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72. Lee BJ, Hendricks DG. Phytic acid protective effect against beef round muscle lipid peroxidation. Journal of Food Science. 1995;60(2):241-4.
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73. Peterson G, Barnes S. Genistein and biochanin A inhibit the growth of human prostate cancer cells but not epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine autophosphorylation. The Prostate. 1993;22(4):335-45.
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74. Hammar M, Frisk J, Grimas O, Hook M, SPETZ A-C, Wyon Y. Acupuncture treatment of vasomotor symptoms in men with prostatic carcinoma: a pilot study. The Journal of urology. 1999;161(3):853-6.
74
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Primary Huge Retroperitoneal Mucinous Cystadenoma in an Iranian Woman : A Case Report
IntroductionPrimary retroperitoneal mucinous cystadenoma is a rare tumor among women. Herein, we present a 47-year-old Iranian woman complaining of abdominal discomfort for six months. Case presentationThe patient and her family had always lived an urban life and they didn’t have any close contact with farm animals and their products. She didn’t mention any history of malignant or benign abdominal tumors in her first-degree relatives. The primary evaluation showed normal lab data but a huge retroperitoneal cyst in imaging studies. The patient underwent an exploratory laparotomy. A 19x14x8 cm well-defined cystic lesion with mild adhesion to the lower pole of the left kidney and descending colon was noticed. The mass was dissected from the adjacent organs and removed completely without spillage of its content. The histopathologic evaluation of the cyst was compatible with retroperitoneal mucinous cystadenoma. Three years’ follow-up did not show any recurrence of the tumor. To our knowledge, less than 50 cases with this pathology have been reported and published in the literature and this case is the second one in Iran. ConclusionsAlthough primary retroperitoneal mucinous cystadenoma is a very rare entity, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any retroperitoneal cystic lesion. Since the definitive diagnosis of these lesions is made by histopathologic evaluation, complete resection of them is both diagnostic and therapeutic.
http://www.transresurology.com/article_110868_3f7ab63a70f846382c3d6d8e9e1a5af5.pdf
2019-11-20
74
78
10.22034/tru.2020.227161.1013
Retroperitoneal cyst
cystadenoma
mucinous
case reports
Nastaran
Mahmoudnejad
nastaran.mahmoudnejad@gmail.com
1
Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Labbafinejad Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Mehdi
Dadpour
mehdi_dadpour@yahoo.com
2
Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Labbafinejad Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mahmoud
Parvin
mahmoudparvin@yahoo.com
3
Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Labbafinejad Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Maryam
Shafiei
m_shafie56@yahoo.com
4
Department of Surgery, Yas Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Lee SY, Han WC. Primary Retroperitoneal Mucinous Cystadenoma. Annals of coloproctology. 2016;32(1):33-7.
1
2. Yang DM, Jung DH, Kim H, Kang JH, Kim SH, Kim JH, et al. Retroperitoneal cystic masses: CT, clinical, and pathologic findings and literature review. Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc. 2004;24(5):1353-65.
2
3. Fujita N, Nishie A, Asayama Y, Kiyoshima K, Kubo Y, Honda H. A male case of primary retroperitoneal mucinous cystadenoma: a diagnostic dilemma. Japanese journal of radiology. 2012;30(7):594-7.
3
4. Tamura T, Yamataka A, Murakami T, Okada Y, Kobayashi H, Ohshiro K, et al. Primary mucinous cystadenoma arising from behind the posterior peritoneum of the descending colon in a child: a case report. Asian journal of surgery. 2003;26(4):237-9.
4
5. Ali Dastranj Tabrizi AV, Manizheh Sayyah-Melli, Mehri Jafari Shobeiri, Parvin Mostafa Gharabaghi, Elaheh Ouladsahebmadarek. Primary Retroperitoneal Mucinous Tumor; Report of Two Cases and Review of Literature. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WOMEN'S HEALTHAND REPRODUCTION SCIENCES. 2014;2.
5
6. Rifki Jai S, Bouffetal R, Chehab F, Khaiz D, Bouzidi A. Primary retroperitoneal mucinous cystadenoma. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics. 2009;280(3):479-83.
6
7. Shanbhogue AK, Fasih N, Macdonald DB, Sheikh AM, Menias CO, Prasad SR. Uncommon primary pelvic retroperitoneal masses in adults: a pattern-based imaging approach. Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc. 2012;32(3):795-817.
7
8. Foula MS, AlQattan AS, AlQurashi AM, AlShaqaq HM, Mirza Gari MK. Incidentally discovered huge retroperitoneal mucinous cystadenoma with successful laparoscopic management: Case report. International journal of surgery case reports. 2019;61:242-5.
8
9. Nardi WS, Dezanzo P, Quildrian SD. Primary retroperitoneal mucinous cystadenoma. International journal of surgery case reports. 2017;39:218-20.
9
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Comparison of Stone-Free Rates after Ureteroscopic Pneumatic Lithotripsy in Impacted vs. Non-Impacted upper Ureteral Stones
IntroductionStone impaction in ureteral is defined as an unchanged stone location for at least 2 months or an inability to pass guidewire up to the stone intraoperatively. This study aims to evaluate the effect of stone impaction on pneumatic transurethral lithotripsy in upper ureteral stones. And to assess if stone impaction could be a factor that prevents retropulsion of upper ureteral stones. MethodsIn this retrospective cohort study, patients referred with upper ureteral stone to the urology clinic of Sina hospital between May 2014 to May 2018 were evaluated. The patients were divided into two groups: those with stone impaction (Group A) and those without impaction of stone (Group B). Transurethral lithotripsy (TUL) procedure with pneumatic lithotripter was performed in all patients. The data were extracted from patients’ documents and files retrospectively and analyzed. Quantitate data were shown by the number (%) and they were compared by chi-square test.Results70 patients with upper ureteral stones were evaluated. 38 patients (54.2%) in group A and 32 (45.7%) in group B. Average stone size was 7 mm (5-12) and there wasn’t a significant difference in stone burden between the two groups. Stone-free rate (SFR) was significantly less in group B. (90% in group A versus 19% in group B, p-value <0.001). Almost 1.7% of patients experienced complications, there wasn’t a significant difference between the two groups.ConclusionsBased on the better success rate of pneumatic TUL in upper ureteral impacted stones in comparison with non-impacted stones, we could conclude that having an impacted stone could be a favorable risk factor for successful TUL. The reason could be less migration of these types of stones.
http://www.transresurology.com/article_113190_2c9a38a847ec560ea52170b6d4c1652e.pdf
2019-11-23
79
83
10.22034/tru.2020.239158.1026
Ureteral Calculi
pneumatic
Lithotripsy
Impaction
Alimohammad
Fakhr Yasseri
yasseri_2006@yahoo.com
1
Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Morteza
Hamidi
mortezahamidi1@yahoo.com
2
Departemnt of Urology, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Seyed Mohammad Kazem
Aghamir
mkaghamir@tums.ac.ir
3
Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Nikoobakht MR, Emamzadeh A, Abedi AR, Moradi K, Mehrsai A. Transureteral lithotripsy versus extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in management of upper ureteral calculi: a comparative study. Urol J. 2007;4(4):207-11.
1
2. Kassem A, ElFayoumy H, ElSaied W, ElGammal M, Bedair A. Laser and pneumatic lithotripsy in the endoscopic management of large ureteric stones: a comparative study. Urologia Internationalis. 2012;88(3):311-5.
2
3. Bapat SS, Pai KV, Purnapatre SS, Yadav PB, Padye AS. Comparison of holmium laser and pneumatic lithotripsy in managing upper-ureteral stones. Journal of endourology. 2007;21(12):1425-8.
3
4. Deliveliotis C, Chrisofos M, Albanis S, Serafetinides E, Varkarakis J, Protogerou V. Management and follow-up of impacted ureteral stones. Urologia internationalis. 2003;70(4):269-72.
4
5. Özbir S, Can O, Atalay HA, Canat HL, Çakır SS, Ötünçtemur A. Formula for predicting the impaction of ureteral stones. Urolithiasis. 2019.
5
6. Zheng J, Wang Y, Chen B, Wang H, Liu R, Duan B, et al. Risk factors for ureteroscopic lithotripsy: a case-control study and analysis of 385 cases of holmium laser ureterolithotripsy. Wideochir Inne Tech Maloinwazyjne. 2020;15(1):185-91.
6
7. Seitz C, Tanovic E, Kikic Z, Fajkovic H. Impact of stone size, location, composition, impaction, and hydronephrosis on the efficacy of holmium:YAG-laser ureterolithotripsy. Eur Urol. 2007;52(6):1751-7.
7
8. Legemate JD, Wijnstok NJ, Matsuda T, Strijbos W, Erdogru T, Roth B, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of ureteroscopic treatment in 2650 patients with impacted ureteral stones. World J Urol. 2017;35(10):1497-506.
8
9. C. Türk AN, A. Petrik, C. Seitz, A. Skolarikos , K. Thomas, N.F. Davis, J.F. Donaldson, R. Lombardo, N. Grivas, Y. Ruhayel. EAU guidelines urolithiasis2019. Available from: https://uroweb.org/guideline/urolithiasis/.
9
10. Binbay M, Tepeler A, Singh A, Akman T, Tekinaslan E, Sarilar O, et al. Evaluation of pneumatic versus holmium:YAG laser lithotripsy for impacted ureteral stones. Int Urol Nephrol. 2011;43(4):989-95.
10
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Relationship between Graft Function and Liver Function after Kidney Transplantation: A Retrospective Cohort Study
IntroductionAfter kidney transplantation, several factors should be checked to predict the risk of rejection. Liver enzymes are such predicting factors so liver function test abnormalities (LFTA) can consider the rejection possibility in kidney transplant recipients (KTR). MethodsThrough a retrospective cohort study, 659 KTR were studied. The source of all grafts was from deceased donors. Amongst these cases, 67 patients showed a significant rise in creatinine as the rejection indication. Several liver indexes like alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), direct bilirubin (Bil D), total bilirubin (Bil T), and liver ultrasound reports, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), prothrombin time (PT) INR in addition to creatinine were examined for three-six post-transplant in KTR.ResultsOur study exposed that liver functional tests regularly had considerable statistical differences between KTR with creatinine increase and with no creatinine increase. Despite these differences between the two groups AST, ALT and ALP serum levels were still within the normal range in both groups. The same result was seen over Bil D and Bil T.ConclusionsLiver function test abnormalities can not adequately predict the rejection. Some other elements should be taken into consideration like inflammation factors like erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR or sed rate), and C-reactive protein (CRP).
http://www.transresurology.com/article_113191_484340d21d2edb7cf728fbf4053d31d4.pdf
2019-11-28
84
90
10.22034/tru.2020.239483.1027
Kidney Transplantation
Liver function test
Creatinine
Allografts
Seyed Mohammad Kazem
Aghamir
mkaghamir@tums.ac.ir
1
Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Raika
Jamali
raika.jamali@gmail.com
2
Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Seyed Saeed
Tamehri Zadeh
tamehrysaeed@gmail.com
3
Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Alireza
Khajavi
alireza.khajavi.student@gamil.com
4
Student Research Committee, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Fatemeh
Khatami
fatemehkhatami1978@gmail.com
5
Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Gholamreza
Pourmand
gh_pourmand@yahoo.com
6
Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Sanaz
Dehghani
dehghanis914@gmail.com
7
Organ Procurement Unit of Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Garcia GG, Harden P, Chapman J. The global role of kidney transplantation. Kidney and Blood Pressure Research. 2012;35(5):299-304.
1
2. Gómez M, Pérez B, Manyalich M, editors. International registry in organ donation and transplantation—2013. Transplantation proceedings; 2014: Elsevier.
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3. Akamatsu N, Sugawara Y, Tamura S, Keneko J, Matsui Y, Hasegawa K, et al. Late-onset acute rejection after living donor liver transplantation. World Journal of Gastroenterology: WJG. 2006;12(41):6674.
3
4. Meier‐Kriesche HU, Schold JD, Srinivas TR, Kaplan B. Lack of improvement in renal allograft survival despite a marked decrease in acute rejection rates over the most recent era. American journal of transplantation. 2004;4(3):378-83.
4
5. Chehade H, Pascual M. The challenge of acute antibody-mediated rejection in kidney transplantation. Transplantation. 2016;100(2):264-5.
5
6. Sellares J, De Freitas D, Mengel M, Reeve J, Einecke G, Sis B, et al. Understanding the causes of kidney transplant failure: the dominant role of antibody‐mediated rejection and nonadherence. American Journal of Transplantation. 2012;12(2):388-99.
6
7. Meier‐Kriesche HU, Schold JD, Kaplan B. Long‐term renal allograft survival: have we made significant progress or is it time to rethink our analytic and therapeutic strategies? American Journal of Transplantation. 2004;4(8):1289-95.
7
8. Solez K, Axelsen RA, Benediktsson H, Burdick JF, Cohen AH, Colvin RB, et al. International standardization of criteria for the histologic diagnosis of renal allograft rejection: the Banff working classification of kidney transplant pathology. Kidney international. 1993;44(2):411-22.
8
9. Nankivell BJ, Chapman JR. Chronic allograft nephropathy: current concepts and future directions. Transplantation. 2006;81(5):643-54.
9
10. Sementilli A, Franco M. Renal acute cellular rejection: correlation between the immunophenotype and cytokine expression of the inflammatory cells in acute glomerulitis, arterial intimitis, and tubulointerstitial nephritis. Transplantation proceedings. 2010;42(5):1671-6.
10
11. Mubarak M. Plasma cell-rich acute rejection: A morphologic archetype of combined cellular and humoral rejection? Indian journal of nephrology. 2016;26(3):157.
11
12. Denhaerynck K, Dobbels F, Cleemput I, Desmyttere A, Schäfer‐Keller P, Schaub S, et al. Prevalence, consequences, and determinants of nonadherence in adult renal transplant patients: a literature review. Transplant International. 2005;18(10):1121-33.
12
13. Casati C, Menegotto A, Querques ML, Ravera F, Colussi G. Immunosuppression in kidney transplantation: a way between efficacy and toxicity. Giornale italiano di nefrologia: organo ufficiale della Societa italiana di nefrologia. 2017;34(2):29-39.
13
14. Huang Y, Tilea A, Gillespie B, Shahinian V, Banerjee T, Grubbs V, et al. Understanding Trends in Kidney Function 1 Year after Kidney Transplant in the United States. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2017;28(8):2498-510.
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15. Levey AS, Bosch JP, Lewis JB, Greene T, Rogers N, Roth D. A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: a new prediction equation. Annals of internal medicine. 1999;130(6):461-70.
15
16. Duncan L, Heathcote J, Djurdjev O, Levin A. Screening for renal disease using serum creatinine: who are we missing? Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 2001;16(5):1042-6.
16
17. Dizdar OS, Ersoy A, Aksoy S, Ozel Coskun BD, Yildiz A. Analysis of liver function test abnormalities in kidney transplant recipients: 7 year experience. Pak J Med Sci. 2016;32(6):1330-5.
17
18. Motulsky H. Intuitive biostatistics: a nonmathematical guide to statistical thinking: Oxford University Press, USA; 2014.
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19. Pascual M, Theruvath T, Kawai T, Tolkoff-Rubin N, Cosimi AB. Strategies to improve long-term outcomes after renal transplantation. New England Journal of Medicine. 2002;346(8):580-90.
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20. Sosa Peña MdP, Lopez-Soler R, Melendez JA. Senescence in chronic allograft nephropathy. American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology. 2018;315(4):F880-F9.
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21. Bonventre JV, Vaidya VS, Schmouder R, Feig P, Dieterle F. Next-generation biomarkers for detecting kidney toxicity. Nature biotechnology. 2010;28(5):436-40.
21
22. Jochmans I, Lerut E, van Pelt J, Monbaliu D, Pirenne J. Circulating AST, H-FABP, and NGAL are early and accurate biomarkers of graft injury and dysfunction in a preclinical model of kidney transplantation. Annals of surgery. 2011;254(5):784-92.
22
23. Dizdar OS, Ersoy A, Aksoy S, Coskun BDO, Yildiz A. Analysis of liver function test abnormalities in kidney transplant recipients: 7 year experience. Pak J Med Sci. 2016;32(6):1330.
23
24. Klintmalm GB, Iwatsuki S, Starzl TE. Cyclosporin A hepatotoxicity in 66 renal allograft recipients. Transplantation. 1981;32(6):488.
24
25. Einollahi B, Ghadian A, Ghamar-Chehreh E, Alavian SM. Non-viral related liver enzymes elevation after kidney transplantation. Hepatitis monthly. 2014;14(2).
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26. Reeve C, Martin D, Gonick H, Kaufman J, Rubini M, Mimms M, et al. Kidney transplantation: A comparison of results using cadaver and related living donors. The American Journal of Medicine. 1969;47(3):410-20.
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27. Debure A, Legendre C, Kreis H, Degott C, Carnot F, Pol S, et al. Chronic hepatitis in kidney allograft recipients. The Lancet. 1990;335(8694):878-80.
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28. Kamath BM, Olthoff KM. Liver transplantation in children: update 2010. Pediatric Clinics. 2010;57(2):401-14.
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29. Chokshi A, Cheema FH, Schaefle KJ, Jiang J, Collado E, Shahzad K, et al. Hepatic dysfunction and survival after orthotopic heart transplantation: application of the MELD scoring system for outcome prediction. The Journal of heart and lung transplantation. 2012;31(6):591-600.
29