Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical SciencesTranslational Research in Urology2717-042X2420201105The Impact of OPIUM and Its Derivatives on Cell Apoptosis and Angiogenesis11011711969910.22034/tru.2020.257910.1052ENAkram MirzaeiUrology Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-2219-999XKazem ZendehdelCancer Research Centre, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranHamideh RashidianCancer Research Centre, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranMaryam AghaiiUrology Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-0770-0654Seyyed Mohammad GhahestaniPaediatric urology Department, Tehran university of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranHassan RoudgariGenomic Research Centre (GRC), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (SBMU), Tehran, IranJournal Article20200817Opium is an opiate substance that significantly affects human physiology and behavior. Ancient priests used opium as a powerful healing drug, and many medical texts have referred to opium as medication, especially during the nineteenth century. In the old days, the medical use of opium was widespread and was called "God's medicine." On the other hand, understanding the molecular pathway of opium function within cells is essential from pathophysiological views and clinical applications. The current literature shows that opium can initialize cell death by activating apoptotic events, which in turn induces cascade pathways of angiogenesis. In this review article, we attempt to investigate the effects of opium on cell apoptosis and angiogenesis.http://www.transresurology.com/article_119699_7b7e88d161fbb09b0e792cc256ec1c24.pdfUrology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical SciencesTranslational Research in Urology2717-042X2420201110Second-look Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy: Access to the Tract with Direct Vision and Fluoroscopic Guidance11812211977110.22034/tru.2020.256840.1043ENSeyed Mohammad Kazem AghamirUrology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-1611-0362Fatemeh Dadkhah TehraniDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, IranFatemeh KhatamiUrology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-6311-1336Hamidreza ZiaUrology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-2335-4843Journal Article20200915<strong>Introduction</strong><br />Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is the preferred treatment for large kidney stones. Second-look nephroscopy is one of the methods for removing residual stone fragments after PCNL. During second-look nephroscopy, we passed a guidewire through the previously established nephrostomy tract, which was impossible in this case. Thus, we performed the procedure with direct tract ureteroscopy and simultaneous fluoroscopy. <br /><strong>Case presentation</strong><br />A 45-year-old man with full staghorn calculi was the case of this study. We performed PCNL surgery on him, but because of tachycardia and a fall in the patient's blood pressure, we terminated the surgery after 3 hours. Because of the high possibility of remaining stones, we inserted a Foley 16 catheter as a nephrostomy. A significant volume of stone residue was observed in the computerized tomography (CT) scan two days after the surgery. Four days after surgery, the patient was transferred to the operating room after improving the clinical status and resolving hematuria. The procedure occurred when the patient was in a prone position and under general anesthesia. After cutting the nephrostomy tube, the attempt to insert the wire was not successful. So, we removed the nephrostomy tube. After retrograde injection of the contrast agent and fluoroscopy, we observed the contrasting agent passage through the nephrostomy tract to the skin surface. We found the main tract with simultaneous ureteroscopy and fluoroscopy. Then insert a guidewire in the renal pelvis and nephroscopy through the wire. <br /><strong>Conclusions</strong><br />With the help of ureteroscopy, direct vision, and fluoroscopy, we found the last tract, entered the pyelocaliceal system, and embedded the guidewire. Thus, we performed nephroscopy from the same tract site without needing re-access.http://www.transresurology.com/article_119771_8b297ce88290a537a0e5985c0008dd6e.pdfUrology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical SciencesTranslational Research in Urology2717-042X2420201116Experimental Approaches for Fertility Preservation in Prepubertal Boys Undergoing Oncological Therapy12312611996710.22034/tru.2020.259243.1054ENKeykavos Gholami1. Gametogenesis Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.Journal Article20200928An increasing number of prepubertal boys encountering infertility due to cancer treatment has prompted various studies to set up new methods for fertility restoration and male germ cell maturation. In this regard, cryopreservation of immature testicular tissue (ITT) from biopsy samples is progressively advised in infertility centers. Different strategies for in vivo or in vitro male germ cell development using stored testicular tissues have been followed: autotransplantation or Xenotransplantation of testicular tissue pieces, spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) isolation and transplantation, in vitro spermatogenesis using three-dimensional (3D) culture and tissue culture. The combination of these strategies with assisted reproductive techniques (ART) like intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and in vitro fertilization (IVF) has resulted in complete spermatogenesis resulting in offspring in several animal models. Still, no achievement in producing mature spermatozoa from human prepubertal SSCs has yet been reported. This review describes studies done by researchers making an effort on fertility restoration from ITT containing SSCs, considering each strategy's limitations and specific concerns.http://www.transresurology.com/article_119967_357be9ff3bfe27cbe356ce4ec682e50c.pdfUrology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical SciencesTranslational Research in Urology2717-042X2420201120A Comparison of Minimally Invasive Surgery Ureterolithotomy and Transurethral Lithotripsy in Combination with Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery: A Randomized Clinical Trial12713112001610.22034/tru.2020.257000.1044ENSeyed Mohammad Kazem AghamirUrology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-1611-0362Mohammad Hatef KhorramiDepartment of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran0000-0003-1246-6345Mohammad SaatchiDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-2744-9927Hamidreza ZiaUrology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-2335-4843Seyed Naser SeyedesmaeiliUrology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranJournal Article20201002<strong>Introduction: </strong>Establishing good efficacy and safety of non-invasive methods compared to conventional methods would result in a higher ability for decision-making about the best therapeutic approach in patients with large ureteral calculi. Accordingly, this study was carried out to compare the efficacy of minimally invasive surgical ureterolithotomy (MISU) versus Transurethral Lithotripsy (TUL) plus Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery (RIRS) in patients with ureteral stones larger than 15 mm.<br /><strong>Methods: </strong>In this single-blind randomized clinical trial, 74 consecutive patients with ureteral stones larger than 15 mm attending Urology Clinic, Sina Hospital, and Tehran, Iran, in 2017 were enrolled. Patients were randomly assigned to undergo minimally invasive surgical ureterolithotomy or TUL plus RIRS. Then the cases with remained stones over 2 mm after treatment were recognized by imaging and stone-free rate (SFR) was determined and compared across the groups.<br /><strong>Results: </strong>Longer hospital stay, larger Apotel Infusion dose, and longer operation time were seen in the MISU group (P-value ≤ 0.00). The stone-free rate was 94.6% and 97.3% in TUL plus RIRS and MISU groups, respectively (P-value=1.00). The rates of adverse effects were alike across the groups (P-value=0.95), considering fever that was higher in TUL plus RIRS group.<br /><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Laparoscopic ureterolithotomy was an effective and safe surgical procedure for a minimally invasive strategy when first-line therapeutic approaches were unsuccessful in patients with larger ureteral stones.http://www.transresurology.com/article_120016_36948fad6cd0fdd1310e3963092efd40.pdfUrology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical SciencesTranslational Research in Urology2717-042X2420201125The Two-Point Technique of Fluoroscopy during the Urological Procedure: Is Really Necessary?13213412289010.22034/tru.2021.269510.1059ENSeyed Mohammad Kazem AghamirUrology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-1611-0362Alimohammad Fakhr YasseriUrology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-2084-2814Journal Article20201029Nowadays, the common use of diagnostic and therapeutic ionizing radiation increases worries about excessive occupational and patient exposure. The novel fluoroscopic-guided endoscopic procedures can diminish radiation dose during urologic procedures. A “two-point technique (TPT)” is defined in which the fluoroscope image intensifier (c-arm) is shifted among caudal and cephalad set points of the operative field. Maybe patient radiation exposure is less with TPT than with a non-structured conventional technique, such as the cognitive fluoroscopic technique (CFT). As we can see the urethral lumen clearly by Ureteroscope and endoscopic visions, we rarely use X-rays during our routine procedures in our center, except for percutaneous nephrolithotripsy.http://www.transresurology.com/article_122890_d0cf35e214013258701104a2596523d8.pdfUrology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical SciencesTranslational Research in Urology2717-042X2420201122Impact of Air Pollution on Urological Cancer13513712288910.22034/tru.2021.268867.1058ENAlireza KhajaviStudent Research Committee, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical
Sciences, Tehran, Iran0000-0001-5238-792XJournal Article20211014Air pollution has been a common problem in recent decades across various parts of the globe. The air pollution impact on health outcomes, such as cardiovascular incidences and mortalities and lung and child cancers, has been widely investigated and recognized. However, the effect on urological cancers is less studied and still under controversy. The performed studies are mainly implemented in occupational environments, and there is a lack of knowledge in the general population. Moreover, few studies in the general population suffer from short follow-ups and a limited set of controlled confounders. Accordingly, future studies on the air pollution-urological cancers association need to overcome the follow-up and confounding inadequacies in the general population.http://www.transresurology.com/article_122889_ce9ba6dfc0afadc5239bf6bfaf0e176f.pdfUrology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical SciencesTranslational Research in Urology2717-042X2420201129Liquid Biopsy in Prostate Cancer Diagnosis and Prognosis: A Narrative Review13914612471510.22034/TRU.2021.270071.1061ENSeyed Saeed Tamehri ZadehUrology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran0000-0001-7803-5850Diana TaheriDepartment of Pathology, Isfahan Kidney Diseases Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran0000-0002-8131-1120Sepideh ShivaraniUrology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranFatemeh KhatamiUrology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranReza KazemiDepartment of Urology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IranJournal Article20201104Prostate cancer involves a considerable percentage of men worldwide and as be postulated; prostate cancer epidemiology is not restricted to a specific country. Despite tremendous efforts that have been made regarding prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment, this issue remains challenging for urologists and oncologists by far. The routine method for the diagnosis of prostate cancer is a prostate biopsy, which may accompany by several complications that may be detrimental to patients’ health. Consequently, an alternative method with lower rates of complications is necessitating. For almost two decades liquid biopsy, an alternative method for cancer diagnosis with obvious benefits in comparison with previous methods of cancer diagnosis, has been at the center of interest of many studies, in particular, studies with prostate cancer subjects. The applicability of liquid biopsy which primarily includes cell-free DNA, circulating tumor cells, RNAs, and exosomes in prostate cancer is the main area of research of recent research. However, using liquid biopsy in routine clinical practices yet has not occurred and further studies with more firm evidence are warranted. Herein, we provided a brief report of advancements that have occurred in prostate cancer.http://www.transresurology.com/article_124715_037d5d59d2b13d4b34ce33fc67fe71f1.pdf